2000
Milind Tambe, D. V. Pynadath, C. Chauvat, A. Das, and Gal Kaminka. 2000. “
Adaptive agent architectures for heterogeneous team members .” In International Conference on Multi-agent Systems (ICMAS).
Abstract
With the proliferation of software agents and smart hardware devices there is a growing realization that large-scale
problems can be addressed by integration of such standalone systems. This has led to an increasing interest in
integration architectures that enable a heterogeneous variety of agents and humansto work together. These agents and
humans differ in their capabilities, preferences, the level of
autonomy they are willing to grant the integration architecture and their information requirements and performance.
The challenge in coordinating such a diverse agentset isthat
potentially a large number of domain-specific and agentspecific coordination plans may be required. We present
a novel two-tiered approach to address this coordination
problem. We first provide the integration architecture with
general purpose teamwork coordination capabilities, but
then enable adaptation of such capabilities for the needs
or requirements of specific individuals. A key novel aspect
of this adaptation is that it takes place in the context of
other heterogeneous team members. We are realizing this
approach in an implemented distributed agent integration
architecture called Teamcore. Experimental results from
two different domains are presented.
2000_10_teamcore_tambe00adaptive.pdf Milind Tambe, T. Raines, and S. Marsella. 2000. “
Agent Assistants for Team Analysis .” AI Magazine.
AbstractWith the growing importance of multi-agent teamwork, tools that can help humans analyze, evaluate, and understand team behaviors
are becoming increasingly important as well. To this end, we are creating ISAAC, a team analyst agent for post-hoc, off-line agentteam analysis. ISAAC's novelty stems from a key design constraint that arises in team analysis: multiple types of models of team
behavior are necessary to analyze different granularities of team events, including agent actions, interactions, and global
performance. These heterogeneous team models are automatically acquired via machine learning over teams' external behavior traces,
where the specific learning techniques are tailored to the particular model learned. Additionally, ISAAC employs multiple
presentation techniques that can aid human understanding of the analyses. This paper presents ISAAC's general conceptual
framework and its application in the RoboCup soccer domain, where ISAAC was awarded the RoboCup scientific challenge award.
2000_9_teamcore_aimag_research_prize.pdf T. Raines, Milind Tambe, and S. Marsella. 2000. “
Automated agents that help humans understand agent team behaviors .” In International conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents).
AbstractMulti-agent teamwork is critical in a large number of agent
applications, including training, education, virtual enterprises
and collective robotics. Tools that can help humans analyze,
evaluate, and understand team behaviors are becoming
increasingly important as well. We have taken a step towards
building such a tool by creating an automated analyst agent
called ISAAC for post-hoc, off-line agent-team analysis.
ISAAC’s novelty stems from a key design constraint that
arises in team analysis: multiple types of models of team
behavior are necessary to analyze different granularities of
team events, including agent actions, interactions, and global
performance. These heterogeneous team models are
automatically acquired via machine learning over teams’
external behavior traces, where the specific learning
techniques are tailored to the particular model learned.
Additionally, ISAAC employs multiple presentation
techniques that can aid human understanding of the analyses.
This paper presents ISAAC’s general conceptual framework,
motivating its design, as well as its concrete application in
the domain of RoboCup soccer. In the RoboCup domain,
ISAAC was used prior to and during the RoboCup’99
tournament, and was awarded the RoboCup scientific
challenge award.
2000_7_teamcore_isaac_agents2000.pdf Milind Tambe, D. V. Pynadath, and N. Chauvat. 2000. “
Building dynamic agent organizations in cyberspace .” IEEE Internet Computing 4 (2).
AbstractWith the promise of agent-based systems, a variety of research/industrial groups are developing
autonomous, heterogeneous agents, that are distributed over a variety of platforms and environments in
cyberspace. Rapid integration of such distributed, heterogeneous agents would enable software to be
rapidly developed to address large-scale problems of interest. Unfortunately, rapid and robust integration
remains a difficult challenge.
To address this challenge, we are developing a novel teamwork-based agent integration framework.
In this framework, software developers specify an agent organization called a team-oriented program. To
recruit agents for this organization, an agent resources manager (an analogue of a “human resources manager”) searches the cyberspace for agents of interest to this organization, and monitors their performance
over time. Agents in this organization are wrapped with TEAMCORE wrappers, that make them team
ready, and thus ensure robust, flexible teamwork among the members of the newly formed organization.
This implemented framework promises to reduce the software development effort in agent integration
while providing robustness due to its teamwork-based foundations. A concrete, running example, based
on heterogeneous, distributed agents is presented.
2000_8_teamcore_internet.pdf 2000. “
Conflicts in agent teams .” In Conflicting agents. Kluwer academic publishers.
Abstract Multi-agent teamwork is a critical capability in a large number of applications.
Yet, despite the considerable progress in teamwork research, the challenge of
intra-team conflict resolution has remained largely unaddressed. This chapter
presents a system called CONSA, to resolve conflicts using argumentation-based
negotiations. The key insight in CONSA(COllaborative Negotiation System
based on Argumentation) is to fully exploit the benefits of argumentation in a
team setting. Thus, CONSA casts conflict resolution as a team problem, so that
the recent advances in teamwork can be fully brought to bear during conflict
resolution to improve argumentation flexibility. Furthermore, since teamwork
conflicts often involve past teamwork, recently developed teamwork models can
be exploited to provide agents with reusable argumentation knowledge. Additionally, CONSA also includes argumentation strategies geared towards benefiting the team rather than the individual, and techniques to reduce argumentation
overhead. We present detailed algorithms used in CONSA and shows a detailed
trace from CONSA’s implementations.
2000_4_teamcore_book_kluver.pdfPaul Scerri, Milind Tambe, H. Lee, and D. V. Pynadath. 2000. “
Don't cancel my Barcelona trip: Adjusting the autonomy of agent proxies in human organizations .” In AAAI Fall Symposium on Socially Intelligent Agents --- the human in the loop.
Abstract
Teamwork is a critical capability in multiagent environments Many such en
vironments mandate that the agents and agentteams must be persistent ie exist over long periods of time Agents in such persistent teams are bound together by
their longterm common interests and goals
This paper focuses on exible teamwork in such persistent teams Unfortunately while previous work has investigated exible teamwork persistent teams remain
unexplored For exible teamwork one promising approach that has emerged is
modelbased ie providing agents with general models of teamwork that explicitly
specify their commitments in teamwork Such models enable agents to autonomously
reason about coordination Unfortunately for persistent teams such models may
lead to coordination and communication actions that while locally optimal are highly problematic for the teams longterm goals We present a decisiontheoretic
technique based on Markov decision processes to enable persistent teams to over come such limitations of the modelbased approach In particular agents reason
about expected team utilities of future team states that are pro jected to result from
actions recommended by the teamwork model as well as lowercost or highercost variations on these actions To accomodate realtime constraints this reasoning is
done in an anytime fashion Implemented examples from an analytic search tree
and some realworld domains are presented.
2000_12_teamcore_best_of_icmas98.pdf D. V. Pynadath, Milind Tambe, Y. Arens, and H. Chalupsky. 2000. “
Electric Elves: Immersing an agent organization in a human organization .” In AAAI Fall Symposium on Socially Intelligent Agents --- the human in the loop.
AbstractFuture large-scale human organizations will be highly agentized, with software agents supporting the traditional tasks
of information gathering, planning, and execution monitoring, as well as having increased control of resources and
devices (communication and otherwise). As these heterogeneous software agents take on more of these activities,
they will face the additional tasks of interfacing with people and sometimes acting as their proxies. Dynamic teaming of such heterogeneous agents will enable organizations
to act coherently, to robustly attain their mission goals, to
react swiftly to crises, and to dynamically adapt to events.
Advances in this agentization could potentially assist all organizations, including the military, civilian disaster response
organizations, corporations, and universities and research institutions.
Within an organization, we envision that agent-based
technology will facilitate (and sometimes supervise) all collaborative activities. For a research institution, agentization
may facilitate such activities as meeting organization, paper composition, software development, and deployment of
people and equipment for out-of-town demonstrations. For
a military organization, agentization may enable the teaming of military units and equipment for rapid deployment,
the monitoring of the progress of such deployments, and the
rapid response to any crises that may arise. To accomplish
such goals, we envision the presence of agent proxies for
each person within an organization. Thus, for instance, if
an organizational crisis requires an urgent deployment of
a team of people and equipment, then agent proxies could
dynamically volunteer for team membership on behalf of
the people or resources they represent, while also ensuring
that the selected team collectively possesses sufficient resources and capabilities. The proxies must also manage efficient transportation of such resources, the monitoring of the
progress of individual participants and of the mission as a
whole, and the execution of corrective actions when goals
appear to be endangered.
The complexity inherent in human organizations complicates all of these tasks and provides a challenging research
testbed for agent technology. First, there is the key research
question of adjustable autonomy. In particular, agents acting as proxies for people must automatically adjust their own
autonomy, e.g., avoiding critical errors, possibly by letting people make important decisions while autonomously making the more routine decisions. Second, human organizations operate continually over time, and the agents must operate continually as well. In fact, the agent systems must be
up and running 24 hours a day 7 days a week (24/7). Third,
people, as well as their associated tasks are very heterogeneous, having a wide and rich variety of capabilities, interests, preferences, etc. To enable teaming among such people for crisis response or other organizational tasks, agents
acting as proxies must represent and reason with such capabilities and interests. We thus require powerful matchmaking capabilities to match two people with similar interests.
Fourth, human organizations are often large, so providing
proxies often means a big scale-up in the number of agents,
as compared against typical multiagent systems in current
operation.
Our Electric Elves project is currently investigating the
above research issues and the impact of agentization on human organizations in general, using our own Intelligent Systems Division of USC/ISI as a testbed. Within our research
institution, we intend that our Electric Elves agent proxies
automatically manage tasks such as: Select teams of researchers for giving a demonstration out of
town, plan all of their travel arrangements and ship relevant
equipment; also, resolve problems that come up during such a
demonstration (e.g., a selected researcher becomes ill at the last
minute) Determine the researchers interested in meeting with a visitor to
our institute, and schedule meetings with the visitor Reschedule meetings if one or more users are absent or unable
to arrive on time at a meeting Monitor the location of users and keep others informed (within
privacy limits) about their whereabouts
This short paper presents an overview of our project, as
space limitations preclude a detailed discussion of the research issues and operation of the current system. We do
have a working prototype of about 10 agent proxies running almost continuously, managing the schedules of one
research group. In the following section, we first present an
overview of the agent organization, which immerses several
heterogeneous agents and sets of agents within the existing
human organization of our division. Following that, we describe the current state of the system, and then conclude.
2000_6_teamcore_elves.pdf Gal Kaminka. 2000. “
Execution Monitoring in Multi-Agent Environments ”.
AbstractAgents in complex, dynamic, multi-agent environments
face uncertainty in the execution of their tasks, as their
sensors, plans, and actions may fail unexpectedly, e.g., the
weather may render a robots camera useless, its grip too
slippery, etc. The explosive number of states in such
environments prohibits any resource-bounded designer
from predicting all failures at design time. This situation is
exacerbated in multi-agent settings, where interactions
between agents increase the complexity. For instance, it is
difficult to predict an opponent's behavior.
Agents in such environments must therefore rely on runtime execution monitoring and diagnosis to detect a failure,
diagnose it, and recover. Previous approaches have focused
on supplying the agent with goal-attentive knowledge of
the ideal behavior expected of the agent with respect to its
goals. These approaches encounter key pitfalls and fail to
exploit key opportunities in multi-agent settings: (a) only a
subset of the sensors (those that measure achievement of
goals) are used, despite other agents' sensed behavior that
can be used to indirectly sense the environment or
complete the agent's knowledge; (b) there is no monitoring
of social relationships that must be maintained between the
agents regardless of achievement of the goal (e.g.,
teamwork); and (c) there is no recognition of failures in
others, though these change the ideal behavior expected of
an agent (for instance, assisting a failing teammate).
To address these problems, we investigate a novel
complementary paradigm for multi-agent monitoring and
diagnosis. Socially-Attentive Monitoring (SAM) focuses on
monitoring the social relationships between the agents as
they are executing their tasks, and uses models of multiple
agents and their relationships in monitoring and diagnosis.
We hypothesize that failures to maintain relationships
would be indicative of failures in behavior, and diagnosis
of relationships can be used to complement goal-attentive
methods. In particular, SAM addresses the weaknesses
listed above: (a) it allows inference of missing knowledge
and sensor readings through other agents' sensed behavior;
(b) it directly monitors social relationships, with no
attention to the goals; and (c) it allows recognition of
failures in others (even if they are not using SAM!).
SAM currently uses the STEAM teamwork model, and a
role-similarity relationship model to monitor agents. It
relies on plan-recognition to infer agents' reactive-plan
hierarchies from their observed actions. These hierarchies are compared in a top-down fashion to find relationship
violations, e.g., cases where two agents selected different
plans despite their being on the same team. Such detections
trigger diagnosis which uses the relationship models to
facilitate recovery. For example, in teamwork, a
commitment to joint selection of plans further mandates
mutual belief in preconditions. Thus a difference in
selected plans may be explained by a difference in
preconditions, and can lead to recovery using negotiations.
We empirically and analytically investigate SAM in two
dynamic, complex, multi-agent domains: the ModSAF
battlefield simulation, where SAM is employed by
helicopter pilot agents; and the RoboCup soccer simulation
where SAM is used by a coach agent to monitor teams'
behavior. We show that SAM can capture failures that are
otherwise undetectable, and that distributed monitoring is
better (correct and complete) detection) and simpler (no
representation of ambiguity) than a centralized scheme
(complete and incorrect, requiring representation of
ambiguity). Key contributions and novelties include: (a) a
general framework for socially-attentive monitoring, and a
deployed implementation for monitoring teamwork; (b)
rigorously proven guarantees on the applicability and
results of practical socially-attentive monitoring of
teamwork under conditions of uncertainty; (c) procedures
for diagnosis based on a teamwork relationship model.
Future work includes the use of additional relationship
models in monitoring and diagnosis, formalization of the
social diagnosis capabilities, and further demonstration of
SAM's usefulness in current domains and others.
2000_13_teamcore_gal_phd_thesis.pdf S. Marsella, J. Adibi, Y. Alonaizan, Gal Kaminka, I. Muslea, and Milind Tambe. 2000. “
Experiences acquired in the design of Robocup teams: A comparison of two fielded teams .” Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems, special issue on Best of Agents '99, 4, Pp. 115-129.
Abstracttract Increasingly multiagent systems are being designed for a variety of
complex dynamic domains Eective agent interactions in such domains raise some
of the most fundamental research challenges for agentbased systems in teamwork multiagent learning and agent modelling The RoboCup research initiative particularly the simulation league has been proposed to pursue such multiagent research
challenges using the common testbed of simulation soccer Despite the significant
popularity of RoboCup within the research community general lessons have not
often been extracted from participation in RoboCup This is what we attempt to
do here We have elded two teams ISIS and ISIS in RoboCup competitions
These teams have been in the top four teams in these competitions We compare
the teams and attempt to analyze and generalize the lessons learned This analysis
reveals several surprises pointing out lessons for teamwork and for multi-agent learning.
2000_2_teamcore_best_of_agents99.pdf M. Asada, M. Veloso, Milind Tambe, H. Kitano, I. Noda, and G. K. Kraetzschmar. 2000. “
Overview of RoboCup'98 .” AI Magazine, Spring 2000.
AbstractThe Robot World Cup Soccer Games and Conferences
(RoboCup) are a series of competitions and
events designed to promote the full integration of
AI and robotics research. Following the first
RoboCup, held in Nagoya, Japan, in 1997,
RoboCup-98 was held in Paris from 2–9 July, overlapping
with the real World Cup soccer competition.
RoboCup-98 included competitions in three
leagues: (1) the simulation league, (2) the real
robot small-size league, and (3) the real robot middle-
size league. Champion teams were CMUNITED-98
in both the simulation and the real robot smallsize
leagues and CS-FREIBURG (Freiburg, Germany) in
the real robot middle-size league. RoboCup-98 also
included a Scientific Challenge Award, which was
given to three research groups for their simultaneous
development of fully automatic commentator
systems for the RoboCup simulator league. Over
15,000 spectators watched the games, and 120
international media provided worldwide coverage
of the competition.
2000_5_teamcore_asada00overview.pdf Ranjit Nair, T. Ito, Milind Tambe, and S. Marsella. 2000. “
RoboCup Rescue: A Proposal and Preliminary Experiences .” In ICMAS workshop on RoboCup Rescue.
Abstract
Abstract RoboCup Rescue is an international project aimed at apply
ing multiagent research to the domain of search and rescue in large
scale disasters This paper reports our initial experiences with using the
Robocup Rescue Simulator and building agents capable of making decisions based on observation of other agents behavior We also plan on
analyzing team behavior to obtain rules that explain this behavior.
2000_1_teamcore_rescue.pdf Gal Kaminka and Milind Tambe. 2000. “
Robust agent teams via socially attentive monitoring .” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 12, Pp. 105-147.
AbstractAgents in dynamic multi-agent environments must monitor their peers to execute individual and group plans. A key open question is how much monitoring of other agents' states is required to be effective: The Monitoring Selectivity Problem. We investigate this question in the context of detecting failures in teams of cooperating agents, via Socially-Attentive Monitoring, which focuses on monitoring for failures in the social relationships between the agents. We empirically and analytically explore a family of socially-attentive teamwork monitoring algorithms in two dynamic, complex, multi-agent domains, under varying conditions of task distribution and uncertainty. We show that a centralized scheme using a complex algorithm trades correctness for completeness and requires monitoring all teammates. In contrast, a simple distributed teamwork monitoring algorithm results in correct and complete detection of teamwork failures, despite relying on limited, uncertain knowledge, and monitoring only key agents in a team. In addition, we report on the design of a socially-attentive monitoring system and demonstrate its generality in monitoring several coordination relationships, diagnosing detected failures, and both on-line and off-line applications.
2000_3_teamcore_jair_socmon.pdf Milind Tambe and W. Zhang. 2000. “
Towards flexible teamwork in persistent teams: extended report .” Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems, special issue on 'Best of ICMAS 98,' 3, Pp. 159-183.
Abstract
Teams of heterogeneous agents working within and
alongside human organizations offer exciting possibilities for streamlining processes in ways not possible with
conventional software[4, 6]. For example, personal software assistants and information gathering and scheduling
agents can coordinate with each other to achieve a variety of coordination and organizational tasks, e.g. facilitating teaming of experts in an organization for crisis response and aiding in execution and monitoring of such a
response[5].
Inevitably, due to the complexity of the environment,
the unpredictability of human beings and the range of situation with which the multi-agent systems must deal, there
will be times when the system does not produce the results it’s users desire. In such cases human intervention
is required. Sometimes simple tweaks are required due to
system failures. In other cases, perhaps because a particular user has more experience than the system, the user will
want to “steer” the entire multi-agent system on a different course. For example, some researchers at USC/ISI,
including ourselves, are currently focused on the Electric Elves project (
http://www.isi.edu/agents-united). In
this project humans will be agentified by providing agent
proxies to act on their behalf, while entities such as meeting schedulers will be active agents that can communicate
with the proxies to achieve a variety of scheduling and
rescheduling tasks. In this domain at an individual level
a user will sometimes want to override decisions of their
proxy. At a team level a human will want to fix undesirable properties of overall team behavior, such as large
breaks in a visitor’s schedule.
However, to require a human to completely take control
of an entire multi-agent system, or even a single agent,
defeats the purpose for which the agents were deployed.
Thus, while it is desirable that the multi-agent system
should not assume full autonomy neither should it be a
zero autonomy system. Rather, some form of Adjustable
Autonomy (AA) is desired. A system supporting AA is
able to dynamically change the autonomy it has to make
and carry out decisions, i.e. the system can continuously
vary its autonomy from being completely dependent on
humans to being completely in control. An AA tool needs
to support user interaction with such a system.
To support effective user interaction with complex
multi-agent system we are developing a layered Adjustable Autonomy approach that allows users to intervene either with a single agent or with a team of agents.
Previous work has in AA has looked at either individual
agents or whole teams but not, to our knowledge, a layered approach to AA. The layering of the AA parallels
the levels of autonomy existing in human organizations.
Technically, the layered approach separates out issues relevant at different levels of abstraction, making it easier to
provide users with the information and tools they need to
effectively interact with a complex multi-agent system.
2000_11_teamcore_aa_barcelona.pdf H. Jung, M. Tambe, W. Shen, and W. Zhang. 2000. “
Towards large-scale conflict resolution: Initial results .” In Initial results In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS) (POSTER).
AbstractWith the increasing interest in distributed and collaborative multi-agent applications, conflict resolution in largescale systems becomes an important problem. Our approach
to collaborative conflict resolution is based on argumentation. To understand the feasibility and the scope of the approach, we first implemented the process in a system called
CONSA and applied it to two complex, dynamic domains.
We then modeled this approach in distributed constraint satisfaction problems (DCSP) to investigate the effect of different conflict resolution configurations, such as the degree of
shared responsibility and unshared information, and their
effects in large-scale conflict resolution via argumentation.
Our results suggest some interesting correlations between
these configurations and the performance of conflict resolution.
2000_15_teamcore_icmas2000jung.pdf D. Pynadath, M. Tambe, N. Chauvat, and L. Cavedon. 2000. “
Towards team-oriented programming .” In Intelligent Agents, Volume VI: Workshop on Agents, theories, architectures and Languages. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
Abstract. The promise of agent-based systems is leading towards the development of autonomous, heterogeneous agents, designed by a variety of research/industrial groups and distributed over a variety of platforms and environments. Teamwork among these heterogeneous agents is critical in realizing the full potential of these systems and scaling up to the demands of large-scale applications. Indeed, to succeed in highly uncertain, complex applications, the agent teams must be both robust and exible. Unfortunately, development of such agent teams is currently extremely dicult. This paper focuses on signicantly accelerating the process of building such teams using a simplied, abstract framework called team-oriented programming (TOP). In TOP, a programmer species an agent organization hierarchy and the team tasks for the organization to perform, but abstracts away from the large number of coordination plans potentially necessary to ensure robust and exible team operation. We support TOP through a distributed, domain-independent teamwork layer that integrates core teamwork coordination and communication capabilities. We have recently used TOP to integrate a diverse team of heterogeneous distributed agents in performing a complex task. We outline the current state of our TOP implementation and the outstanding issues in developing such a framework.
2000_14_teamcore_atal2000.pdf